Valentina A. Assenova

Valentina Assenova and Raffi Amit (2024), Why are Some Nations More Entrepreneurial than Others? Investigating the Link Between Cultural Tightness-Looseness and Rates of New Firm Formation, Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1520

Abstract: We evaluate the role of cultural tightness-looseness as an explanation for cross-cultural variation in new firm formation rates. Modeling cultural tightness-looseness as an antecedent for individual entrepreneurial dispositions and informal institutions, we examine its impact on the number of new limited-liability companies registered per 1,000 people and rate of new entrepreneurs in the working-age population. Our findings show that cultural tightness-looseness explains 56% of the variation in new firm formation rates in a sample of 156 nations, and 71% of the variation in the rate of new entrepreneurs in the 50 U.S. states, with greater cultural looseness corresponding to higher rates of entrepreneurship, on average. This effect is robust to various model specifications, measures, and controls for other cultural dimensions.

Valentina Assenova, Yuheng Ding, Audra Wormald (Under Review), Beyond Technology Adoption: The Critical Role of Digital Technology Integration in SME Growth and Scalability.

Abstract: This study addresses a critical theoretical gap in understanding how digital technology integration drives the growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). While existing literature often focuses on the adoption of digital technologies, it overlooks the distinction between technology adoption (extensive margin) and the depth of technology integration across business functions (intensive margin). Drawing on the resource-based and knowledge-based views of the firm, we explore how these dimensions of technology use influence SME growth and scalability. Using data on 14,313 firms across 30 countries from the Global State of Small Business Survey, our analysis reveals that SMEs are significantly less likely than larger firms to integrate digital technologies intensively, which is essential for realizing growth benefits. Furthermore, we demonstrate the primacy of organizational factors—such as firm size, age, and internal capabilities—over regional and country-specific factors in explaining variation in digital technology integration and firm performance. These findings challenge the conventional focus on technology adoption by emphasizing the role of organizational design and internal resource allocation in achieving competitive advantage through digital transformation. Our study contributes to the ongoing discourse on digital technology use, offering new insights for theory and practice in fostering SME growth and scalability.

Valentina Assenova and Martin Gonzalez (Under Review), Leadership Capabilities Predict Startup Success in Accelerator Programs.

Abstract: This study examines the role of leadership capabilities in determining the post-acceleration performance of early-stage technology startups, which are important drivers of job creation and innovation in the economy. Analyzing data from 423 technology-focused startups that participated in Google for Startups accelerators, the research evaluates leadership effectiveness based on feedback from 7,371 co-founders, employees, investors, and advisors. The findings reveal that startups led by highly effective leaders, as assessed through a validated 33-item multi-rater feedback scale, achieve significantly higher revenue, innovation, funding, and operational longevity post-acceleration. Leadership behaviors such as maintaining composure under stress, understanding team aspirations, and fostering teamwork are identified as key predictors of leadership effectiveness ratings. Conversely, behaviors commonly promoted in the startup ecosystem, such as rapid innovation and frequent pivoting, are associated with lower leadership effectiveness ratings. These results underscore the importance of developing strong leadership within technology startups to enhance their potential for growth, job creation, and innovation, offering valuable insights for accelerators, investors, and founders aiming to foster long-term startup growth and scaling.

Aparajita Agarwal and Valentina Assenova (2024), Mobile Money as a Stepping Stone to Financial Inclusion: How Digital Multisided Platforms Fill Institutional Voids, Organization Science, 35 (3), pp. 769-787. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.16562

Abstract: The literature on institutional voids examines how intermediaries, such as business groups and business incubators, address such voids in emerging economies. However, it remains unclear whether and how digital multisided platforms fill these voids given their unique features. This study focuses on mobile money platforms, which allow users without bank accounts or credit cards to perform financial transactions. We propose that these platforms !ll institutional voids in three ways by (i) enabling data-based certification, (ii) providing unified access to distributed services, and (iii) scaling through network effects to reach previously excluded market participants. We argue that these novel mechanisms enable mobile money platforms to expand credit access to end users from formal financial institutions and thereby act as stepping stones to financial inclusion. Our analysis is based on a difference-in-difference design that leverages regulatory changes that allowed nonbanks to operate as mobile money operators and data from a representative random sample of 151,771 individuals in 78 countries. We supplement our quantitative analysis with rich, hand-collected qualitative evidence to illustrate the mechanisms underlying our findings.

Valentina Assenova and Aparajita Agarwal, “Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Africa”. In The Handbook of Sociology of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, edited by Olav Sorenson and Patricia H. Thornton, (De Gruyter, 2024)

Abstract: Entrepreneurship and innovation in Africa -- pivotal for the continent's economic progress -- present a contrast to Europe and North America with unique challenges and opportunities facing African startups and micro, small, and medium enterprises. This chapter offers a comprehensive examination of these differences and distinctive features of African startup and innovation ecosystems, highlighting insights from extant research and opportunities for empirical exploration and theoretical elaboration. We explore the relevance of these African experiences to similar emerging and developing economies and emphasize the need for research that specifically addresses these unique dynamics, particularly in areas where existing theories and insights may not fully apply.

Description: Forthcoming in the De Gruyter Handbook of Sociology of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Olav Sorenson and Patricia H. Thornton, Editors

Valentina Assenova and Raffi Amit (2024), Poised For Growth: Exploring the Relationship Between Accelerator Program Design and Startup Performance, Strategic Management Journal, 45 (6), pp. 1029-1060. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3581

Abstract: Accelerator programs provide valuable market feedback and education to participants that may improve startup performance. However, it is unclear whether the average effect of accelerator participation on startup performance post acceleration is positive, and if so, how this effect varies with accelerator program design. We analyze data from 8,580 startups that made it past the initial selection stage at 408 accelerators in 176 countries between 2013 and 2019. We compare accelerated and non-accelerated startups and find a positive average effect of accelerator participation on startup performance post acceleration. Moreover, we find that this effect varies substantially with program design, and depends on venture stage, industry, and founder expertise. Our findings highlight the impact of program design on the benefits that startups derive from accelerator participation.  

Description: The purpose of this study is to determine whether participation in startup accelerator programs generally leads to improved startup performance post acceleration and how the benefits of participation might vary with the design of these programs. We analyze data from 8,580 startups that applied to and passed the initial selection phase at 408 accelerators in 176 countries over multiple cohorts between 2013 and 2019. Our results indicate that on average, startups that participate in accelerators perform better than those that are also selected but not accelerated. Furthermore, we find that the benefits that startups gain from being accelerated vary with the design of the program. Our findings highlight the importance of accelerator program design in influencing the extent of improvement in startup performance post acceleration.

Valentina Assenova and Sophie Bacq (Under Review), Scaling for Good: Do Social Impact Accelerators Propel Social Venture Growth and Development?.

Abstract: The rise of social impact accelerators (SIAs), such as climate and sustainability accelerators, has prompted inquiries about their value to social ventures – entrepreneurial endeavors that employ innovative business models and sustainable business practices to tackle societal grand challenges, such as climate change or systemic poverty. This study evaluates the role of SIAs in scaling social ventures using a large-scale database of 18,680 social ventures and their founding teams that applied to 404 accelerator programs, of which 43 percent had an explicit social impact focus. Using an inverse probability of treatment weights design, we find that accelerated social ventures in both generalist accelerators and SIAs scaled faster than similar non-accelerated ventures that applied to these programs. However, social ventures accelerated through SIAs scaled faster than those accelerated through generalist programs: they raised more philanthropic funding, were more likely to raise venture capital and raised more capital, had higher planned fundraising, and were more likely to scale their full-time employment. Social ventures accelerated through SIAs also experienced greater scaling of philanthropic funding and revenue when more peers in their cohort adopted formal impact evaluation metrics, such as GIIRS. These findings highlight the nuanced ways that SIAs support social venture scaling and development.

Valentina Assenova and Ethan J. Poskanzer (Under Review), The Long-Term Impact of Technology Entrepreneurship Programming on Technology Venture Formation and Tech-Sector Employment.

Abstract: We investigate how technology entrepreneurship programming impacts participants’ long-term career outcomes in low-income countries. We argue that such programming will increase technology entrepreneurship activity and have “spillover” effects in the form of facilitating mobility into higher-skilled technology employment. These effects are not observed when only examining enterprise performance, which is the standard way of evaluating program effectiveness. We also pose two paths through which pre-entry knowledge and experience may amplify or diminish these effects. Greater pre-entry knowledge and experience may increase participants’ absorptive capacity to learn and deploy new resources or may substitute for programming, attenuating any resultant career impacts. We evaluate these ideas in the context of a Pan-African technology entrepreneurship program in Accra, Ghana run by an NGO. We find that technology entrepreneurship programming is associated with higher rates of technology venture formation over the short-term. We also find career impacts beyond entrepreneurship. Programming is associated with a greater likelihood of working in technology among those who do not become entrepreneurs, which does not diminish over time, leading to a long-term increase in participation in the technology sector. Career changes after programming are greater among participants with less pre-entry knowledge and experience.

Sandy Yu and Valentina Assenova (Under Review), Tailoring Accelerator Benefits: How Founding Team Characteristics Shape the Demand for Startup Resources.

Abstract: This study investigates the resource preferences of 21,541 founding teams across 407 accelerator programs in 177 countries between 2013 and 2019, with a focus on resource-constrained founders, including women, first-time entrepreneurs, and immigrants, who face substantial barriers in venture development. Using principal component factor analysis and multilevel modeling, we identify distinct benefit clusters, revealing network development, investor access, and mentorship as the most sought-after resources. Our analysis shows that founder and venture-specific characteristics, such as the team’s composition and venture’s stage of development, rather than program or industry factors, predominantly influence these preferences, accounting for 94-99% of the variance. Resource-constrained founders are particularly inclined to prioritize building business capabilities, mentorship, and building credibility. These findings challenge the conventional one-size-fits-all approach to accelerator design, highlighting the necessity for tailored, inclusive programs that better address the diverse needs of founding teams and enhance the impact of accelerators and entrepreneurship programs on venture success.

Valentina Assenova and Melody Chang (Under Review), Founders’ Pre-Entry Knowledge and Experience and the Benefits of Startup Accelerators.

Abstract: While research highlights the benefits of participating in accelerator programs for early-stage startups, these programs may not provide uniform advantages to all founders. Given the important role of founders’ pre-entry knowledge and experience, we posit that the extent of performance benefits may vary based on the founding team’s background. Extant theories offer two countering mechanisms regarding whether pre-existing knowledge and experience provide advantages or disadvantages in gaining benefits from these programs. Analyzing data from 6,723 startups and their founding teams, we find that founders with greater pre-entry knowledge and experience derive greater benefits. Rather than leveling the playing field, accelerator participation may amplify performance differences between startups. These insights highlight the importance of founders’ pre-entry knowledge and experience when considering the benefits of startup accelerators.